SQL tutorials for beginners

Unlock the Power of Databases with Our SQL Tutorial for Beginners

Table Of Contents :

What is SQL ?

SQL (pronounced "ess-que-el") stands for Structured Query Language. SQL is used to communicate with a database. According to ANSI (American National Standards Institute), it is the standard language for relational database management systems. In this blog we will learn about MANAGING TRIGGERS, MANAGING INDEXES, MANAGING VIEWS, MODIFYING DATA, USING SQL CONSTRAINTS, MANAGING TABLES, USING SQL OPERATORS, QUERYING FROM MULTIPLE TABLES, QUERYING DATA FROM A TABLE and etc. ou will also learn about SQL, SQL server and etc.

QUERYING DATA FROM A TABLE

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t;
Query data in columns c1, c2 from a table

SELECT * FROM t;
Query all rows and columns from a table

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
WHERE condition;
Query data and filter rows with a condition

SELECT DISTINCT c1 FROM t
WHERE condition;
Query distinct rows from a table

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
ORDER BY c1 ASC [DESC];
Sort the result set in ascending or descending order

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
ORDER BY c1
LIMIT n OFFSET offset

Skip offset of rows and return the next n rows

SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)
FROM t
GROUP BY c1;
Group rows using an aggregate function

SELECT c1, aggregate(c2)
FROM t
GROUP BY c1
HAVING condition;
Filter groups using HAVING clause

QUERYING FROM MULTIPLE TABLES

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
INNER JOIN t2 ON condition;
Inner join t1 and t2

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
LEFT JOIN t2 ON condition;
Left join t1 and t1

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
FULL OUTER JOIN t2 ON condition;
Perform full outer join

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1
CROSS JOIN t2;
Produce a Cartesian product of rows in tables

SELECT c1, c2
FROM t1 A
INNER JOIN t2 B ON condition;
Join t1 to itself using INNER JOIN clause

USING SQL OPERATORS

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
UNION [ALL]
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
Combine rows from two queries

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
INTERSECT
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
Return the intersection of two queries

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
MINUS
SELECT c1, c2 FROM t2;
Subtract a result set from another result set

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t1
WHERE c1 [NOT] LIKE pattern;
Query rows using pattern matching %, _

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
WHERE c1 [NOT] IN value_list;
Query rows in a list

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
WHERE c1 BETWEEN low AND high;
Query rows between two values

SELECT c1, c2 FROM t
WHERE c1 IS [NOT] NULL;
Check if values in a table is NULL or not

MANAGING TABLES

CREATE TABLE t (
  id INT PRIMARY KEY,
  name VARCHAR NOT NULL,
  price INT DEFAULT 0
);
Create a new table with three columns

DROP TABLE t ;
Delete the table from the database

ALTER TABLE t ADD column;
Add a new column to the table

ALTER TABLE t DROP COLUMN c ;
Drop column c from the table

ALTER TABLE t ADD constraint;
Add a constraint

ALTER TABLE t DROP constraint;
Drop a constraint

Alter TABLE t1 RENAME TO t2;

Rename a table from t1 to t2

ALTER TABLE t1 RENAME c1 TO c2 ;
Rename column c1 to c2

TRUNCATE TABLE t;
Remove all data in a table

USING SQL CONSTRAINTS

CREATE TABLE t(
  c1 INT, c2 INT, c3 VARCHAR,
  PRIMARY KEY (c1,c2)
);
Set c1 and c2 as a primary key

CREATE TABLE t1(
  c1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
  c2 INT,
FOREIGN KEY (c2) REFERENCES t2(c2)
);

Set c2 column as a foreign key

CREATE TABLE t(
  c1 INT, c1 INT,
  UNIQUE(c2,c3)
);
Make the values in c1 and c2 unique

CREATE TABLE t(
  c1 INT, c2 INT,
CHECK(c1> 0 AND c1 >= c2)
);
Ensure c1 > 0 and values in c1 >= c2

CREATE TABLE t(
  c1 INT PRIMARY KEY,
  c2 VARCHAR NOT NULL
);
Set values in c2 column not NULL

MODIFYING DATA

INSERT INTO t(column_list)
VALUES(value_list);
Insert one row into a table

INSERT INTO t(column_list)
VALUES (value_list),
(value_list), ....;
Insert multiple rows into a table

INSERT INTO t1(column_list)
SELECT column_list
FROM t2;
Insert rows from t2 into t1

UPDATE t
SET c1 = new_value;
Update new value in the column c1 for all rows

UPDATE t
SET c1 = new_value,
c2 = new_value

WHERE condition;
Update values in the column c1, c2 that match
the condition

DELETE FROM t;
Delete all data in a table

DELETE FROM t

WHERE condition;
Delete subset of rows in a table

MANAGING VIEWS

CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2)
AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;
Create a new view that consists of c1 and c2

CREATE VIEW v(c1,c2)
AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;
WITH [CASCADED | LOCAL] CHECK OPTION;
Create a new view with check option

CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW v
AS
select-statement -- anchor part

UNION [ALL]
select-statement; -- recursive part
Create a recursive view

CREATE TEMPORARY VIEW v
AS
SELECT c1, c2
FROM t;
Create a temporary view

DROP VIEW view_name
Delete a view

MANAGING INDEXES

CREATE INDEX idx_name
ON t(c1,c2);
Create an index on c1 and c2 of the table t

CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_name
ON t(c3,c4);
Create a unique index on c3, c4 of the table t

DROP INDEX idx_name;
Drop an index

SQL AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS

AVG returns the average of a list
COUNT returns the number of elements of a list
SUM returns the total of a list
MAX returns the maximum value in a list
MIN returns the minimum value in a list

MANAGING TRIGGERS

CREATE OR MODIFY TRIGGER trigger_name
WHEN EVENT
ON table_name TRIGGER_TYPE
EXECUTE stored_procedure;
Create or modify a trigger

WHEN
• BEFORE – invoke before the event occurs
• AFTER – invoke after the event occurs

EVENT
• INSERT – invoke for INSERT
• UPDATE – invoke for UPDATE
• DELETE – invoke for DELETE

TRIGGER_TYPE
• FOR EACH ROW
• FOR EACH STATEMENT

CREATE TRIGGER before_insert_person
BEFORE INSERT
ON person FOR EACH ROW

EXECUTE stored_procedure;
Create a trigger invoked before a new row is
inserted into the person table

DROP TRIGGER trigger_name
Delete a specific trigger

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